Unit 1 Exam Outlines

1.Plato and Aristotle Outline
I. Introduction
a. Restate essay question
b. Brief summary of Plato & Aristotle historical significances

II. Plato
a. Background
b. Socrates's influence on his life
c. The Academy
e. The Republic

III. Aristotle
a. Background
b. Political Views
c. Scientific contributions
d. Lyceum
e. Ideas on rulers and subjects

IV. Comparison of Likeness and Differences
a. Social contributions
b. Political views
c. Global significances

V. Conclusion
a. Brief summary
b. Global Significance- Modern ideas

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2. Enlightenment Outline
I. The Enlightenment
a. Followed the Scientific Revolution
b. Background - When, why it happened?
c. People questioning beliefs & beginning to break off from the Church

II. Scientific Revolution
a. Enlightenment followed this & was greatly influenced by this
b. Copernicus - heliocentric ideas(the sun not the earth was the center of the universe)
c. Discartes
d. Francis Bacon
d. Newton - Laws of Motion, discover gravity

III. Enlightenment
a. Originally began in France
b. Philosophers: Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire
1. Locke- Life, liberty, property
2. Montesquieu- Separation of Powers
3. Rousseau- Social contract
4. Voltaire- Freedom of speech, separation of church and state, challenge
Catholic Church

IV. Conclusion - Global Significances
a. People began to question the Church & begin to finally break off from it
b. Influence the American & French Revolutions

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3. The French Revolution Outline

I. The French Revolution
a. what was it?
b. Influenced by the Enlightenment-People begin to question monarch
c. Influenced by American Revolution- Monarchy government can be overthrown
d. King Louis XVI was monarch, he was very unpopular, people were starving while he was spending money extravagantly, tax people to pay off 7 Years War debt

II. The fight
a. Army vs. the People
b. Bastille Day
c. March of Versailles
d. Death of King Louis & Marie Antoinette- begin Reign of Terror

III. Global Significance
a. New ideas, different political views,more rights to the people
b. Influenced other revolts- Latin American Slave Revolt

Message to the Congress of Angostura

1. Bolivar states that the Latin American people deserved independence because they were stripped from their rights and freedom before. "We are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders." In this quote, it is established that people should all have the same rights. When he states, "We have been ruled more by deceit than by force, and we have been degraded more by vice than by superstition.", Bolivar is describing the dishonesty the Latin America people received from the unfair government.

2.Bolivar explains that the Latin American people’s way of life will never change and they will never receive freedom if they attempt to do nothing about it. He states that they will continue to live in an unfair society and will not get any rights unless something is done. His feelings are revealed in the quote “Unless this is done we will have to reckon with ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace and justice prevail".


3. Bolivar states, "Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law. If he attempts to infringe upon the law, his own ministers will desert him, thereby isolating him from the Republic, and they will even bring charges against him in the Senate.” In this quote, Bolivar clearly establishes that if the Venezuelan people are given more power in their government, the country will be much happier. The leader will be picked by the country, however, the leader must follow the rules as it is outlined in the constitution or the leader will be punished for his/her wrongful actions.



4."Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice." In this passage, Bolivar states that people who are prevented from governing themselves grow to be dependent on others. Because they are entirely dependent on others, this takes away peoples rights and any say in the government. Their view of the world would be very different because they would believe that not having any say in the government was the normal way of life.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

1. All men are born equal. Any social distinctions will only be made through the person's virtues.

2. The goal of all political association is to carryout human's natural rights, rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to tyranny.

3. All rules of the nation can only come from the nation itself. No one can exercise any authority that does not come from the nation.

4. The exercise of one’s natural rights is only limited to when it interferes with another’s natural rights. These limits are revealed through the laws.

5. Laws only have power to prohibit actions harmful to society. No one is forced to do anything that is not outlined in laws.

6. Every citizen is allowed to participate through some way in society, whether it is through a representative or personally. Every person is permissible to hold any public positions or jobs, depending only by their ability and talents.

7. No one will be arrested, accused, or imprisoned, except when it is done through what is defined in the law. Anybody soliciting, transmitting, murdering, or causing to be murdered will be punished.

8. Laws only punish if it is necessary. One will not be punished unless one does not follow as it is outlined in the laws.

9. Everyone is innocent until proven guilty.

10. One will not be judged based on one’s opinions, such as religious views, however, this is only valid if one’s expressions do not disturb public order, as it is provided in the laws.

11. One of man’s most important rights is the communication of ideas and opinions. Everyone is allowed to speak, write, and print with freedom, but this freedom is limited by what is defined in the laws.

12. Military forces are established to protect the rights of man, not to favor the rights of who intrusts them.

13. Payment is required to maintain public utilities and the administration. The amount each person is required to give will be proportional to their earnings.

14. All people have a say in their government, whether it is through a representative or personally.

15. Society maintains the right to ask every public agent an account of his administration.

16. A society where no one obeys laws and the separation of powers is undefined has no constitution.

17. Right of property is a sacred and unchallengeable right. Therefore, no one will be deprived of property unless public necessity demands it, and this can only be executed through legal processes. Property owners will be reimbursed after the loss of property.


When looking at this picture, I think of freedom and independence. The angels surrounding the document represent good and great change. The Declaration of the Rights of Man reminds me of America's Declaration of Independence. The two documents are similar because they both serve as the basis of society for two different groups of people.