1. Potsdam Conference- Conference between the Soviet Union, the U.S, and Britian. The goal of the conference was to deal with the Nazi occupied states at the end of WWII, establish peace treaties. The countries had to decide what to do with war reparations, trials on Nazi officers and criminals.
2. Long Telegram (X Article)- Published in 1947. It was written by the Deputy Chief of Mission Kennan, it was sent from the U.S to the Soviet Union. The U.S demanded to know why the Soviets were not in backing them up in support for the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund. Kennan assumed that the Soviet Union was o a war against capitalism and socialism.
3. Iron Curtain- The iron curtain was a boundary between East and West Germany, this idea was proposed by Winston Churchill. It stood from the end of WWII to the end of the Cold War after it was voted that East and West Germany was to reunite.
4. GDR- The German Democratic Republic, East Germany and were communist. It divided the city of Berlin into two areas. After the Berlin Wall was opened, it was voted that East and West Germany should reunite.
5. Satellite Nations- Country that is technically independent, however it is a country that is under another country’s rule. The Soviet Union was in charge of nearly al of the eastern and central European governments, including Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Poland, Romania and Hungary
6. Containment- U.S policy that united economic, diplomatic, and military strategies to try to end the spread of communism. Another goal of containment was to improve security, influence, and the inhibit a domino effect that would make many nations resort to communism as a form of government. Philosophy leads back to U.S president Truman.
7. Brezhnev Doctrine- Soviet Union policy that justified the USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia(1968). Established tha no nation was able to leave the WARSAW pact or intrude into another nation’s communist government. Restrict WARSAW nations from disrupting and eliminating communism and gave Soviet Union the authority to define the “enemies” and “friends” of communism.
8. Occupation Zone- Soviet controlled area of East Germany. Place of formation of the GDR. Took control in 1945, after WWII. Stalin wished that all of Germany was under Soviet reign but the west refused so I just focused his effort on the Western region
9. Berlin Blockade- The USSR tried to block of NATO giving supplies to that area of Berlin by the Berlin Blockade. Wanted to have USSR supply materials, that would give them ultimate control of the city. It was weakened however by the NATO Berlin Airlift operation, this supplied Berlin with food through area instead of trains and land. Berlin Blockade ultimately failed after several months.
10. De-Stalinization- Process where new leaders of the Soviet Unions denounce and criticized Stalin’s cult of personality to reinforce their new reign and to establish their power. They wanted communism to appear as a favorable form as government and Stalinist Russia’s communism was not seen as favorable so the new leaders attempted to cut ties with the former leader. Procedure carried out by Khrushchev, he destroyed Stalin’s statues, renamed Stalin themed areas, and eradicated Stalin’s body from its mausoleum.
11. Hungarian Revolution - Revolt against Stalinist control in Hungary. It began as a student demonstration but then ended with the fall of the Stalinist control in Hungary. The government claimed that they wished to remove themselves from the WARSAW pact & start over elections but the Soviet Union retaliated and regained their power.
12. Arms Race- competition between two powers to gain military technological domination over another. Race for technological dominance among the NATO nations and nations in the Warsaw pact. Countries collected nuclear arms to “defeat” another country.
13. Détente- Period of where ties between two nations are lessened and resentment between the powers are decreased. Period from late 1960’s to 1980’s where resentment between the US and the USSR declined greatly. This occurred because both countries were hurt economically and were wounded by the wars, they began arms-reduction treaties. They also create treaties that linked to a complete demilitarization of space.
14. Nikita Khrushchev: Leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964. Events during his reign include the De-Stalinzation of Russia, the first space program, agricultural reforms, economic developments, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, and Russia’s joining of the WARSAW pact.
15. Viet Cong: Unorganized army of South Vietnam that was against the Southern Vietnamese forces. During the Vietnam War, the Viet Cong used guerrilla tactics. They were broken up when North and South Vietnam were brought back together by the communist party.
Sunday, May 24, 2009
Sunday, May 17, 2009
SAQ Chinese Revolution
1. Japan was ready for power as soon as WWI was over because they were a lot more industrialized and had a stable government. They had a very strong and well trained army. Thus, they were able to conquer several countries during WWI. This allowed the Japanese to move into Manchuria because they had gained a lot of confidence from WWI. Since Japan lacked natural resources, they needed to move into other countries and Manchuria appeared to be the ideal place to conquer. Since Manchuria belonged to China at the time and China was a weak country at the time, they invaded Manchuria and took over.
2. Communism was appealing to those in China, it was a new kind of government that would help the country prosper. The peasants thought that this government would change their lives for the better. “The Long March” was a march that stretched over 1,000 miles, it revealed that the communists were devoted to the people of China. Mao capitalized this by using this to gain support, and overthrew any possible competition to power, and thus established communism as the government of China.
3. I think that Mao called this the “Cultural Revolution” because he wanted this period to be a period of cultural change. He wanted the youth of China to obey his orders and to ignore the orders of their teachers and government officials. This event could be compared to the Nazi’s rise to power in Germany. Hitler aimed his propaganda campaign towards the youth of Germany, he even commanded them to disobey their teachers and burn books.
2. Communism was appealing to those in China, it was a new kind of government that would help the country prosper. The peasants thought that this government would change their lives for the better. “The Long March” was a march that stretched over 1,000 miles, it revealed that the communists were devoted to the people of China. Mao capitalized this by using this to gain support, and overthrew any possible competition to power, and thus established communism as the government of China.
3. I think that Mao called this the “Cultural Revolution” because he wanted this period to be a period of cultural change. He wanted the youth of China to obey his orders and to ignore the orders of their teachers and government officials. This event could be compared to the Nazi’s rise to power in Germany. Hitler aimed his propaganda campaign towards the youth of Germany, he even commanded them to disobey their teachers and burn books.
Friday, April 17, 2009
WWII Term Definitions
Invasion of Poland: occur in 1939. Around the start of WWII. Arranged by German Nazis. AKA September Campaign or the 1939 Defensive War.
Blitzkrieg: The Lighting War. Military force of a mechanized force. Concentration on attacking a small section of the enemy front.
Nazi-soviet Nonaggression Pact: Hitler’s & Stalin’s agreement to divide Poland. Both men did not trust one another but the two signed it nevertheless. Hitler eventually turned his back on the agreement and invades Poland.
Tripartite Pact: Also known as the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three- Way Pact or the Tripartite Treaty. Signed in Berlin, September 1940. Involves countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy. Entering a military allicance and founding WWII. Went against the allied powers.
Anti Comintern Pact: Between Nazi Germany and Japan's Empire. Eventually joined by other countries. They were not in favor of the Communist International and Soviet Union.
Operation Barbarossa: Name of Germany’s plan to invade the Soviet Union in WWII. Over 4.5 million troops of Axis Powers invaded the USSR. Named after Emporer Frederick Barbarossa. Lasted for nearly a year. Conquest of European part of the Soviet Union, also known as the A-A line.
Winston Churchill: british politician, lead the UK during WWII. Prime minister fromt the years 1940-1945. Help Britain defeat Axis powers. Against german rearment.
Atlantic Charter: blueprint for world after the end of WWII. Internation treatments are modeled after the Atlantic Charter. Created by Sir Alexander Codagan at the Atlantic Conference.
Pearl Harbor: Harbor in O'ahu Hawaii. It is a United States Navy base Since Japan didn't formally declare war, the U.S. changed from being an isolationist country to one that would be directly involved in wars. 2,400 Americans were killed in the attack while only 65 Japanese were wounded and killed.
D-Day: This is also known as the Normandy Landings, during WWII. The landings started in June of 1944. This is the day in which an attack operation was initiated. The Allies created a stronghold in Normandy with the help of the Free French.
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: During WWII, it served as the headquarters for the Second Army and the Chugoku Army as well as having large deposits of weapons. Hiroshima was the target of a U.S. nuclear bomb that killed 90,000-140,000 people. Nagasaki was the second city to get bombed by the U.S. in 1945 with 73,000 deaths.
Stalingrad: A city and administrative center in Rusia. The city was the place of the Battle of Stalingrad during WWII. The city was destroyed but was rebuilt after Germany left the land.
Midway: The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle, It is even said to be the most important of the Pacific Campaign in WWII. The United States Navy defeated Imperial Japanese Navy attack Midway Atoll. This made damage on the Japanese carrier force and seizing the strategic initiative. This Japanese operations, was aimed to eliminate the United States as a strategic Pacific power. This gave Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere. They hoped another defeat would force the United States to negotiate an end to the Pacific War.
Robert Oppenheimer: American physicist and professor of physics at Berkley. He is known as a scientific director of the Manhattan Project: the WWII effort to develop the first nuclear weapons at the secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. He is known as the "The Father of the Atomic Bomb."
Yalta Conference: Also known as the Crimea COnferece. Wartime meeting between the U.S, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom. Created to reestablish the nations conquered by Germany
F.D.R: Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He was the 32nd President of the United States. He was the central figure in a time of wartime and worldwide crisis. He is the only U.S president to have served more than two terms. Around the time of the war he practiced internment of Italians, Germans, and Japanese people without trial. He allowed the dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: The 34th President of the United States from 1953- 1961and a general in the United States Army. He led the invasions of France & Germany. First commander of NATO. Believed that nuclear weapons were a top issue for the U.S.
NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A military alliance establishment by signing the North Atlantic Treaty. The NATO headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium. military alliance that calls for collective defense, or a mutual defense in the event of an attack from an outside party.
Warsaw Pact: A pact of communist states in Central/Eastern Europe. Signed at Warsaw in 1955 as a reaction to West Germany joining NATO. Similar to NATO because they are a political consultative committee.
Blitzkrieg: The Lighting War. Military force of a mechanized force. Concentration on attacking a small section of the enemy front.
Nazi-soviet Nonaggression Pact: Hitler’s & Stalin’s agreement to divide Poland. Both men did not trust one another but the two signed it nevertheless. Hitler eventually turned his back on the agreement and invades Poland.
Tripartite Pact: Also known as the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three- Way Pact or the Tripartite Treaty. Signed in Berlin, September 1940. Involves countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy. Entering a military allicance and founding WWII. Went against the allied powers.
Anti Comintern Pact: Between Nazi Germany and Japan's Empire. Eventually joined by other countries. They were not in favor of the Communist International and Soviet Union.
Operation Barbarossa: Name of Germany’s plan to invade the Soviet Union in WWII. Over 4.5 million troops of Axis Powers invaded the USSR. Named after Emporer Frederick Barbarossa. Lasted for nearly a year. Conquest of European part of the Soviet Union, also known as the A-A line.
Winston Churchill: british politician, lead the UK during WWII. Prime minister fromt the years 1940-1945. Help Britain defeat Axis powers. Against german rearment.
Atlantic Charter: blueprint for world after the end of WWII. Internation treatments are modeled after the Atlantic Charter. Created by Sir Alexander Codagan at the Atlantic Conference.
Pearl Harbor: Harbor in O'ahu Hawaii. It is a United States Navy base Since Japan didn't formally declare war, the U.S. changed from being an isolationist country to one that would be directly involved in wars. 2,400 Americans were killed in the attack while only 65 Japanese were wounded and killed.
D-Day: This is also known as the Normandy Landings, during WWII. The landings started in June of 1944. This is the day in which an attack operation was initiated. The Allies created a stronghold in Normandy with the help of the Free French.
Hiroshima & Nagasaki: During WWII, it served as the headquarters for the Second Army and the Chugoku Army as well as having large deposits of weapons. Hiroshima was the target of a U.S. nuclear bomb that killed 90,000-140,000 people. Nagasaki was the second city to get bombed by the U.S. in 1945 with 73,000 deaths.
Stalingrad: A city and administrative center in Rusia. The city was the place of the Battle of Stalingrad during WWII. The city was destroyed but was rebuilt after Germany left the land.
Midway: The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle, It is even said to be the most important of the Pacific Campaign in WWII. The United States Navy defeated Imperial Japanese Navy attack Midway Atoll. This made damage on the Japanese carrier force and seizing the strategic initiative. This Japanese operations, was aimed to eliminate the United States as a strategic Pacific power. This gave Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere. They hoped another defeat would force the United States to negotiate an end to the Pacific War.
Robert Oppenheimer: American physicist and professor of physics at Berkley. He is known as a scientific director of the Manhattan Project: the WWII effort to develop the first nuclear weapons at the secret Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. He is known as the "The Father of the Atomic Bomb."
Yalta Conference: Also known as the Crimea COnferece. Wartime meeting between the U.S, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom. Created to reestablish the nations conquered by Germany
F.D.R: Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He was the 32nd President of the United States. He was the central figure in a time of wartime and worldwide crisis. He is the only U.S president to have served more than two terms. Around the time of the war he practiced internment of Italians, Germans, and Japanese people without trial. He allowed the dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: The 34th President of the United States from 1953- 1961and a general in the United States Army. He led the invasions of France & Germany. First commander of NATO. Believed that nuclear weapons were a top issue for the U.S.
NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A military alliance establishment by signing the North Atlantic Treaty. The NATO headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium. military alliance that calls for collective defense, or a mutual defense in the event of an attack from an outside party.
Warsaw Pact: A pact of communist states in Central/Eastern Europe. Signed at Warsaw in 1955 as a reaction to West Germany joining NATO. Similar to NATO because they are a political consultative committee.
Wednesday, April 8, 2009
Terms
Appeasement: both sides giving up something for the greater good. Done through admitting, agreeing, and negotiating. Hopes to avoid military disagreements.
League of Nations: International governmental organization created at one point during the Treaty of Versialle. Included 58 members. It was made to prevent future wars and to resolve conflicts between different countries.
Collective Security: security agreement where all countries involved to take security as an important issue. NATO is the best known collective security defense force. The League of Nations did not approve of the concept of Collective Security at first.
Neville Chamberlain: Once was the Prime Minister of the UK. Appeasement of foreign policies related to the Munich Agreement. Voted into parliament in 1918 and was a British conservative politician.
Remilitarization of the Rhineland: March 1936. Germany military had control over the Rhineland again. Adolf Hitler leads this. The Versailles Treaty specifically states that Germany could not have possession of the Rhineland and Hitler takes control over it anyways in order to gain popularity, and add to the amount of land in Germany’s empire.
Anschluss: incorporation of Austria & Germany. Hitler leads this. One of first major steps into Hitler’s dream to create one empire that includes all German speaking territories
Lebensraum: concept that means finding additional living space. Hitler wanted to enlarge Germany by within Europe. He wanted all of former German territory back. He claimed it was living area, they didn’t really need it but demanded it. Thought it would make military stronger & make Germany more self sufficient through adding food & raw material sources.
Austrian Nazi Party: Political party of Austria. Use of propaganda in order to get people to support the Nazis. Austria Nazi Party and Hitler’s party joins together to form the German Nazis.
Austrian Plebiscite: Political group in Austria. Made decisions during 1950’s. People had no freedom in Austria.
Kurt Schuschnigg: Austrian politician that served as a dictator of Austria. Leader of Austrofascism regime. Reign ended when he was imprisoned in a concentration camp, a political prisoner of the German Nazis.
Abyssinia Crisis: Conflict between Italy and Ethiopia. Had a negative impact on the League of Nations. Helped push the alliance of fascist Italy and socialist Germany.
Sudetenland: German word portrays western regions of Czechoslovakia. German inhabitants on this area. Germany attacked during WWII through Lebensraum.
Munich Agreement: agreement that states that Sudetenland were regions along the border of Czechoslavakia. Established in Munich incorporating Germany and other major powers. Decide the future of Czechoslovakia and Hitler’s plans with Czechoslovakia.
League of Nations: International governmental organization created at one point during the Treaty of Versialle. Included 58 members. It was made to prevent future wars and to resolve conflicts between different countries.
Collective Security: security agreement where all countries involved to take security as an important issue. NATO is the best known collective security defense force. The League of Nations did not approve of the concept of Collective Security at first.
Neville Chamberlain: Once was the Prime Minister of the UK. Appeasement of foreign policies related to the Munich Agreement. Voted into parliament in 1918 and was a British conservative politician.
Remilitarization of the Rhineland: March 1936. Germany military had control over the Rhineland again. Adolf Hitler leads this. The Versailles Treaty specifically states that Germany could not have possession of the Rhineland and Hitler takes control over it anyways in order to gain popularity, and add to the amount of land in Germany’s empire.
Anschluss: incorporation of Austria & Germany. Hitler leads this. One of first major steps into Hitler’s dream to create one empire that includes all German speaking territories
Lebensraum: concept that means finding additional living space. Hitler wanted to enlarge Germany by within Europe. He wanted all of former German territory back. He claimed it was living area, they didn’t really need it but demanded it. Thought it would make military stronger & make Germany more self sufficient through adding food & raw material sources.
Austrian Nazi Party: Political party of Austria. Use of propaganda in order to get people to support the Nazis. Austria Nazi Party and Hitler’s party joins together to form the German Nazis.
Austrian Plebiscite: Political group in Austria. Made decisions during 1950’s. People had no freedom in Austria.
Kurt Schuschnigg: Austrian politician that served as a dictator of Austria. Leader of Austrofascism regime. Reign ended when he was imprisoned in a concentration camp, a political prisoner of the German Nazis.
Abyssinia Crisis: Conflict between Italy and Ethiopia. Had a negative impact on the League of Nations. Helped push the alliance of fascist Italy and socialist Germany.
Sudetenland: German word portrays western regions of Czechoslovakia. German inhabitants on this area. Germany attacked during WWII through Lebensraum.
Munich Agreement: agreement that states that Sudetenland were regions along the border of Czechoslavakia. Established in Munich incorporating Germany and other major powers. Decide the future of Czechoslovakia and Hitler’s plans with Czechoslovakia.
Sunday, March 29, 2009
Fascism Vs. Nazism
5 Similarities
1. Both fascism and Nazism wanted to expand their empires. Fascists thought that they needed to expand their empire in order to grow stronger and have greater success. National socialists also liked the idea of an expanded empire because it lead to unity.
2. The two also had to overthrow a former government to get into power. Hitler overthrew the Weimar government and Italy overthrow the monarchy.
3. Both fascism and Nazism do not want any kind of democracy or other form of government, " We demand substitution of a German common law in place of the Roman Law serving a materialistic world-order". They want to not be apart of other forms of government like socialism or democracy.
4. Both Nazism and fascism believed that everything done should be done to benefit the state. Every action completed should be for the better of the state not to selfishly benefit an indvidual.
5. Both prepared their military for war. Hitler wanted a strong military because only through military force would he gain more land, and thus more power and money. Mussolini prepared his military so that the Italian people would fear the military's strength, only through fear would he be able to control the people.
1. I think that German Nazism would appeal more to adolescents. German propaganda targeted the younger audience. German Nazism agreed to give better education and protection to the younger.
2. I think that the hardest part of getting the population’s acceptance is getting the public’s trust. Mussolini created his own newspapers to get it into the public, he wanted to share his ideas to the public and tries to gain public acceptance to them.
3. I think the hardest part of gaining public acceptance in Nazism is proving that their new government was better that their former government, the Weimar Republic. Hitler used propaganda to gain public trust and he was also a great public speaker so it helped the public accept him.
1. Both fascism and Nazism wanted to expand their empires. Fascists thought that they needed to expand their empire in order to grow stronger and have greater success. National socialists also liked the idea of an expanded empire because it lead to unity.
2. The two also had to overthrow a former government to get into power. Hitler overthrew the Weimar government and Italy overthrow the monarchy.
3. Both fascism and Nazism do not want any kind of democracy or other form of government, " We demand substitution of a German common law in place of the Roman Law serving a materialistic world-order". They want to not be apart of other forms of government like socialism or democracy.
4. Both Nazism and fascism believed that everything done should be done to benefit the state. Every action completed should be for the better of the state not to selfishly benefit an indvidual.
5. Both prepared their military for war. Hitler wanted a strong military because only through military force would he gain more land, and thus more power and money. Mussolini prepared his military so that the Italian people would fear the military's strength, only through fear would he be able to control the people.
1. I think that German Nazism would appeal more to adolescents. German propaganda targeted the younger audience. German Nazism agreed to give better education and protection to the younger.
2. I think that the hardest part of getting the population’s acceptance is getting the public’s trust. Mussolini created his own newspapers to get it into the public, he wanted to share his ideas to the public and tries to gain public acceptance to them.
3. I think the hardest part of gaining public acceptance in Nazism is proving that their new government was better that their former government, the Weimar Republic. Hitler used propaganda to gain public trust and he was also a great public speaker so it helped the public accept him.
Saturday, March 28, 2009
Fascism Notes
-Fascism: system of government with a dictator, suppression through fear & censorship, ideas of nationalism & racism.
- knowing that the Weimar Government was weak, Hitler plans an uprising. November 1923, Hitler & armed military(Nazis) entered a beer hall in Munich(city in germany) where the Bavarian(Bavaria=region in Germany) government had a meeting with 3,000 officials. Hitler attempts to overthrow the Weimar government. Hoped that nationalist revolution in Bavaria would spread to the dissatisfied German army, then bring down the government in Berlin. uprising failed & Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason.
-as soon as out of prison Hitler & followers try to get in power in Germany’s parliament, Reichstag
Appointed chancellor by president Hindenburg b/c
• persuaded the Nazis would become more moderate
• though Hitler could be controlled (majority of people in the cabinet were not Nazis)
• Hitler accepted b/c:
• Loss of seat in Nov. 1932 election foreshadowed a decline of the Nazis
• He hoped he could organize the next new elections so the Nazis would obtain an overall majority
-Hitler was chanceller, places himself as top of the government after president Hindenburg dies
-political, social, economic reasons of fascism rise
-weimar republic : gov established after versaille treaty. Unstable. Exploit system to get in power
-unstable politics/ economic collapse from WW1 debt
-depression: unemployment high/ people unhappy w. government
-germany in disgrace. lost large areas of land in East germany to Poland/ severe war reparations
-fascist ideas give people sense of nationalist pride/ people want change which Hitler promised
-german people were angered/ political speeches & rallies encourage people to speak out for their heritage. Propaganda shaped public’s opinions. Told that communists/jews/versaille treaty authors to blame for germany’s bad state
-blamed French for taking German land back from the Versasille treaty, didn’t like Russia because scared of them & their revolutions, blame upperclass & jews for taking all money/they were greedy
-got country riled up to support him. Said that article 231 which said germany was responsible for the WW1 & versaille treaty unfair to germans
-b/c of being a great public speaker, Hitler used his fascist ideas that would sell to german people. They liked idea of fascism & nationalistic pride & its political/ economic solutions, appeal to germans
-german have no faith in the government, want change that Hitler promise, believe that fascism was the only way to go
Characteristics
- make it illegal to form other parties/ censorship
- no civil rights & freedom of speech
- swing music was banned because artists of this was made by jewish/black people
- ban labor unions/ trade worker unions
- don’t want any revolts
- education/media controlled
- strict censorship on literature, arts
-arts did not flourish/ book burning parties
-took control of newspapers, magazines, movies radio, music
-throw books in bonfires(book burning parties)
-burn books of Helen Keller, Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis b/c their views differed from Nazi views & therefore could not be read
- so basically, people have no freedom whatsoever
- Nationalism = uniting force that bring germans together
propaganda shape germany into nazi form. Play such a big role that Hitler had a minister of propaganda (Joseph Goebbels)
o use press campaigns, whirlwind campaigns by air, film shows, etc.
o propaganda target special interest groups.
o Also target and appeal to the german youth
Anschluss- incorporation of Austria & Germany. One of first major steps into Hitler’s dream to create one empire that includes all German speaking territories
Lebensraum- concept that means finding additional living space. Hitler wanted to enlarge Germany within Europe. He wanted all of former German territory back. He claimed it was living area, they didn’t really need it but demanded it. Thought it would make military stronger & make Germany more self sufficient by having food & raw material sources available
• The army was brought under Nazi control
- Nazi officers in all army ranks
- The non-Nazi commander and war minister were removed in scandals at least made by Nazis
- compulsory draft to built up german military
SS/ Gestapo- Hitler’s secret police, aka the Gestapo. Authority to investigate, treason, & sabotage cases. Corrupt police force. Law passed that allowed the SS to operate without judicial oversight.
Herman Goring- interior prime minister of Prussia. In high command in german police force. Fill ranks with Nazis. Formed the gestapo
Heinrich Himmler- head of Hitler’s secret police, the SS, power transferred to him from Herman Goring
- use terror/fear/force to get what the party wanted from people/ crush resistance from people
Significance
-fail in long term, bring disaster to germany
- short term plans of success(brought jobs, stopped making war reparation payments)
- Hitler neglect long term plans successful years would only remain during his reign
- German engineering infrastructure formed(railroads & successful companies such as Volkswagen)
- other successes: construction of autobahns, Volkswagen, scientific advances such as synthetics, and rocketry
• Drove to exile Germans who could have contributed greatly for Germany (ie: Einstein)
• There was strict censorship of art, literature and academic life; which all did not flourish under the Nazis
• Women’s rights suffered
- Build of power & greed lead to Hitler’s demise
- his ideas collapses eventually but ideas and infrastructure of communism in russia stays alive
Italy:
- Kings rise in society after WWI
- Mussolini is marching on because they want to be head of Italy
- King tells Mussolini he didn't want to stand up to him
- March of Italy: Mussolini promises the pope that he would separate Vatican city from italy. So the Pope & God is on Mussolini’s side
-king doesn’t want to fight against God
- Market Economy
- Fascists gained power and had nationalistic goals
- Mussolini held all the power
5 Major differences:
1. Hitler used brutality & force to get what he wanted in Germany but Mussolini just got what he wanted.
2. After WWI, Italy was unhappy because they wanted to get more land from the Versailles Treaty & Germany was upset because they had severe war reparations to pay.
3. Hitler’s first attempt of taking over the government failed during the Beer Hall Putsch
4. Hitler had Nazis in the Reichstag that elected him as president. After President Hindenburg died, Hitler came in power, out of luck.
5. Italy has a free market economy, Germany has totalitarianism
- knowing that the Weimar Government was weak, Hitler plans an uprising. November 1923, Hitler & armed military(Nazis) entered a beer hall in Munich(city in germany) where the Bavarian(Bavaria=region in Germany) government had a meeting with 3,000 officials. Hitler attempts to overthrow the Weimar government. Hoped that nationalist revolution in Bavaria would spread to the dissatisfied German army, then bring down the government in Berlin. uprising failed & Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason.
-as soon as out of prison Hitler & followers try to get in power in Germany’s parliament, Reichstag
Appointed chancellor by president Hindenburg b/c
• persuaded the Nazis would become more moderate
• though Hitler could be controlled (majority of people in the cabinet were not Nazis)
• Hitler accepted b/c:
• Loss of seat in Nov. 1932 election foreshadowed a decline of the Nazis
• He hoped he could organize the next new elections so the Nazis would obtain an overall majority
-Hitler was chanceller, places himself as top of the government after president Hindenburg dies
-political, social, economic reasons of fascism rise
-weimar republic : gov established after versaille treaty. Unstable. Exploit system to get in power
-unstable politics/ economic collapse from WW1 debt
-depression: unemployment high/ people unhappy w. government
-germany in disgrace. lost large areas of land in East germany to Poland/ severe war reparations
-fascist ideas give people sense of nationalist pride/ people want change which Hitler promised
-german people were angered/ political speeches & rallies encourage people to speak out for their heritage. Propaganda shaped public’s opinions. Told that communists/jews/versaille treaty authors to blame for germany’s bad state
-blamed French for taking German land back from the Versasille treaty, didn’t like Russia because scared of them & their revolutions, blame upperclass & jews for taking all money/they were greedy
-got country riled up to support him. Said that article 231 which said germany was responsible for the WW1 & versaille treaty unfair to germans
-b/c of being a great public speaker, Hitler used his fascist ideas that would sell to german people. They liked idea of fascism & nationalistic pride & its political/ economic solutions, appeal to germans
-german have no faith in the government, want change that Hitler promise, believe that fascism was the only way to go
Characteristics
- make it illegal to form other parties/ censorship
- no civil rights & freedom of speech
- swing music was banned because artists of this was made by jewish/black people
- ban labor unions/ trade worker unions
- don’t want any revolts
- education/media controlled
- strict censorship on literature, arts
-arts did not flourish/ book burning parties
-took control of newspapers, magazines, movies radio, music
-throw books in bonfires(book burning parties)
-burn books of Helen Keller, Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis b/c their views differed from Nazi views & therefore could not be read
- so basically, people have no freedom whatsoever
- Nationalism = uniting force that bring germans together
propaganda shape germany into nazi form. Play such a big role that Hitler had a minister of propaganda (Joseph Goebbels)
o use press campaigns, whirlwind campaigns by air, film shows, etc.
o propaganda target special interest groups.
o Also target and appeal to the german youth
Anschluss- incorporation of Austria & Germany. One of first major steps into Hitler’s dream to create one empire that includes all German speaking territories
Lebensraum- concept that means finding additional living space. Hitler wanted to enlarge Germany within Europe. He wanted all of former German territory back. He claimed it was living area, they didn’t really need it but demanded it. Thought it would make military stronger & make Germany more self sufficient by having food & raw material sources available
• The army was brought under Nazi control
- Nazi officers in all army ranks
- The non-Nazi commander and war minister were removed in scandals at least made by Nazis
- compulsory draft to built up german military
SS/ Gestapo- Hitler’s secret police, aka the Gestapo. Authority to investigate, treason, & sabotage cases. Corrupt police force. Law passed that allowed the SS to operate without judicial oversight.
Herman Goring- interior prime minister of Prussia. In high command in german police force. Fill ranks with Nazis. Formed the gestapo
Heinrich Himmler- head of Hitler’s secret police, the SS, power transferred to him from Herman Goring
- use terror/fear/force to get what the party wanted from people/ crush resistance from people
Significance
-fail in long term, bring disaster to germany
- short term plans of success(brought jobs, stopped making war reparation payments)
- Hitler neglect long term plans successful years would only remain during his reign
- German engineering infrastructure formed(railroads & successful companies such as Volkswagen)
- other successes: construction of autobahns, Volkswagen, scientific advances such as synthetics, and rocketry
• Drove to exile Germans who could have contributed greatly for Germany (ie: Einstein)
• There was strict censorship of art, literature and academic life; which all did not flourish under the Nazis
• Women’s rights suffered
- Build of power & greed lead to Hitler’s demise
- his ideas collapses eventually but ideas and infrastructure of communism in russia stays alive
Italy:
- Kings rise in society after WWI
- Mussolini is marching on because they want to be head of Italy
- King tells Mussolini he didn't want to stand up to him
- March of Italy: Mussolini promises the pope that he would separate Vatican city from italy. So the Pope & God is on Mussolini’s side
-king doesn’t want to fight against God
- Market Economy
- Fascists gained power and had nationalistic goals
- Mussolini held all the power
5 Major differences:
1. Hitler used brutality & force to get what he wanted in Germany but Mussolini just got what he wanted.
2. After WWI, Italy was unhappy because they wanted to get more land from the Versailles Treaty & Germany was upset because they had severe war reparations to pay.
3. Hitler’s first attempt of taking over the government failed during the Beer Hall Putsch
4. Hitler had Nazis in the Reichstag that elected him as president. After President Hindenburg died, Hitler came in power, out of luck.
5. Italy has a free market economy, Germany has totalitarianism
Sunday, March 8, 2009
Lenin’s Death and Aftermath
Task 1
1. Lenin played a large role of the Communist Rise in Russia because he was a great leader, he was able to gather people and rise against other powers. He implemented the secret police and gathered people who believed Marxist ideas. He also gave peasants more control over land and goods. Lenin was very popular amongst the people.
2. After Lenin's death there was no one suitable for become his successor and people had no respect for those that took place in power after Lenin. Communism was lead to its downfall without a successor. Also after Lenin's death people began to question the beliefs of Marxism.
3. Lenin and Robespierre both started revolutions. However, Robespierre's presence in the French Revolution continued even after his death, and although Lenin's ideas were still practiced after his death, they soon forgotten. The two strongly believed in equality. They both destroyed everything that stood between them and their success and because of this eventually their ideas led to two major revolutions.
4. I think in this case Lenin was the best person to lead the revolution. He was a popular leader. Even though Trotsky and Stalin may have been good leaders, they probably were not as well fit for the job.
Task Two
1. Lenin feared of the split between classes. To become a successful leader, the people needed to be united, not divided.
2. Although Lenin believed Trotsky was a great leader, he is worried that Trotsky and his self centered ideas may get in the way of him being a great leader. I believe that all of these men will serve as great leaders.
3. Similar to Trotsky, Lenin though that Stalin would have been a good leader, but was worried that he would have used his power for corruption. But in any case I believe that Lenin trusted both Trotsky and Stalin with powers, even though I think he believed that eventually, these two men would be fighting for the power.
4. I think that Lenin believed that Trotsky would be the most excellent candidate. He speaks very positively of Trotsky. Furthermore, Trotsky is described by Lenin as "proved is distinguished no only by outstanding ability.
1. Lenin played a large role of the Communist Rise in Russia because he was a great leader, he was able to gather people and rise against other powers. He implemented the secret police and gathered people who believed Marxist ideas. He also gave peasants more control over land and goods. Lenin was very popular amongst the people.
2. After Lenin's death there was no one suitable for become his successor and people had no respect for those that took place in power after Lenin. Communism was lead to its downfall without a successor. Also after Lenin's death people began to question the beliefs of Marxism.
3. Lenin and Robespierre both started revolutions. However, Robespierre's presence in the French Revolution continued even after his death, and although Lenin's ideas were still practiced after his death, they soon forgotten. The two strongly believed in equality. They both destroyed everything that stood between them and their success and because of this eventually their ideas led to two major revolutions.
4. I think in this case Lenin was the best person to lead the revolution. He was a popular leader. Even though Trotsky and Stalin may have been good leaders, they probably were not as well fit for the job.
Task Two
1. Lenin feared of the split between classes. To become a successful leader, the people needed to be united, not divided.
2. Although Lenin believed Trotsky was a great leader, he is worried that Trotsky and his self centered ideas may get in the way of him being a great leader. I believe that all of these men will serve as great leaders.
3. Similar to Trotsky, Lenin though that Stalin would have been a good leader, but was worried that he would have used his power for corruption. But in any case I believe that Lenin trusted both Trotsky and Stalin with powers, even though I think he believed that eventually, these two men would be fighting for the power.
4. I think that Lenin believed that Trotsky would be the most excellent candidate. He speaks very positively of Trotsky. Furthermore, Trotsky is described by Lenin as "proved is distinguished no only by outstanding ability.
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